Table 13.2a Effects of Immobility on Body Systems Body Systemĭecreased systemic vascular resistance causing venous pooling in extremitiesĭecreased strength of respiratory musclesīlood redistribution and fluid shifts within the lung tissuesĭecreased delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues See Figure 13.2 for an image of a patient with impaired mobility who developed a DVT. ,, Decreased mobility is also a major risk factor for skin breakdown, as indicated on the Braden Scale. See Table 13.2a for a summary of the effects of immobility on these body systems. Mobilization also decreased depression, anxiety, and symptom distress, while enhancing comfort, satisfaction, quality of life, and independence. ![]() Findings from a literature review demonstrated several benefits of mobilization, including less delirium, pain, urinary discomfort, urinary tract infection, fatigue, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and pneumonia, as well as an improved ability to void. Promoting mobility can prevent these complications from occurring. Regardless of the cause, immobility can cause degradation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal functioning. Patients who spend an extended period of time in bed as they recover from surgery, injury, or illness can develop a variety of complications due to loss of muscle strength (estimated at a rate of 20% per week of immobility). Diseases that cause fatigue, such as heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and depression, or conditions that cause pain also affect the patient’s desire to move. Traumatic injuries, such as skeletal fractures, head injuries, or spinal injuries, also impair mobility. Several neurological and musculoskeletal disorders can adversely affect mobility, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease. Immobility can be caused by several physical and psychological factors, including acute and chronic diseases, traumatic injuries, and chronic pain. This includes assistance from another person or an assistive device, such as a cane, walker, or crutches. This includes moving from a bed into a chair or moving from one chair to another. Transferring: The action of a patient moving from one surface to another.Bed Mobility: The ability of a patient to move around in bed, including moving from lying to sitting and sitting to lying.The three main areas of functional mobility are the following: See Figure 13.1 for an image of a patient with impaired physical mobility requiring assistance with a wheelchair.įunctional mobility is the ability of a person to move around in their environment, including walking, standing up from a chair, sitting down from standing, and moving around in bed. ![]() ![]() Mobility exists on a continuum ranging from no impairment (i.e., the patient can make major and frequent changes in position without assistance) to being completely immobile (i.e., the patient is unable to make even slight changes in body or extremity position without assistance). Anything that disrupts this integrated process can lead to impaired mobility or immobility. Physical mobility requires sufficient muscle strength and energy, along with adequate skeletal stability, joint function, and neuromuscular synchronization. Mobilityis the ability of a patient to change and control their body position. Read more about these topics in the “ Musculoskeletal Assessment” chapter in Open RN Nursing Skills. Open Resources for Nursing (Open RN) Musculoskeletal Anatomy, Physiology, and Assessmentīefore discussing the concept of mobility, it is important to understand the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system, common musculoskeletal conditions, and the components of a musculoskeletal system assessment.
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